Revealing the Aspects of Inflammatory Breast Cancer: From Potential Dangers to Therapeutic Strategies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63995/SYNR8701Keywords:
Aggressive breast cancer; Biomarker identification; Diagnostic criteria; Immunotherapy; Inflammatory breast cancer; Molecular mechanisms; Targeted therapies; Therapeutic strategiesAbstract
It provides a comprehensive exploration of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer characterized by rapid onset and distinctive clinical features. IBC poses significant challenges in early detection and treatment due to its aggressive nature and propensity for metastasis. The article elucidates the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and underlying molecular mechanisms that distinguish IBC from other breast cancer subtypes. The research investigates current therapeutic approaches and emerging strategies tailored specifically for IBC. These include targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and innovative treatment modalities aimed at overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving patient outcomes. Special attention is given to the role of genomic profiling and biomarker identification in guiding personalized treatment strategies for IBC patients. The article discusses ongoing challenges in managing IBC, such as late-stage diagnosis, limited treatment options, and the need for multidisciplinary care approaches. It emphasizes the importance of early recognition, prompt intervention, and comprehensive patient care to mitigate the aggressive progression of the disease. By synthesizing current research findings and clinical insights, this article aims to enhance understanding of the complexities surrounding IBC and contribute to the development of effective therapeutic paradigms that improve survival rates and quality of life for affected individuals.
Downloads
References
Peter Savas, Roberto Salgado, Carsten Denkert, Christos Sotiriou, Phillip K Darcy, Mark J Smyth, and Sherene Loi. “Clinical relevance of host immunity in breast cancer: from TILs to the clinic”. In: Nature reviews Clinical oncology 13.4 (2016), pp. 228–241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.215
Ana C Garrido-Castro, Nancy U Lin, and Kornelia Polyak. “Insights into molecular classifications of triple-negative breast cancer: improving patient selection for treatment”. In: Cancer discovery 9.2 (2019), pp. 176–198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-1177
Cynthia Osborne, Paschal Wilson, and Debu Tripathy. “Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in breast cancer: potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications”. In: The oncologist 9.4 (2004), pp. 361–377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.9-4-361
Kenneth W Hance, William F Anderson, Susan S Devesa, Heather A Young, and Paul H Levine. “Trends in inflammatory breast carcinoma incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program at the National Cancer Institute”. In: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97.13 (2005), pp. 966–975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji172
Franca Podo, Lutgarde MC Buydens, Hadassa Degani, Riet Hilhorst, Edda Klipp, Ingrid S Gribbestad, Sabine Van Huffel, Hanneke WM van Laarhoven, Jan Luts, Daniel Monleon, et al. “Triple-negative breast cancer: present challenges and new perspectives”. In: Molecular oncology 4.3 (2010), pp. 209–229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2010.04.006
Jimeno Estanislau, Federico Hermogenes, and Bernardo Clemente. “Battery Energy Transformation and Unravelling the Thermodynamics of Energy Storage and Conversion”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 2.1 (2021), pp. 122–135.
Simon A Jones and Brendan J Jenkins. “Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer”. In: Nature reviews immunology 18.12 (2018), pp. 773–789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-018-0066-7
H Raza Ali, Leon Chlon, Paul DP Pharoah, Florian Markowetz, and Carlos Caldas. “Patterns of immune infiltration in breast cancer and their clinical implications: a gene-expression-based retrospective study”. In: PLoS medicine 13.12 (2016), e1002194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002194
Andrew E Place, Sung Jin Huh, and Kornelia Polyak. “The microenvironment in breast cancer progression: biology and implications for treatment”. In: Breast cancer research 13 (2011), pp. 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2912
Yi-Sheng Sun, Zhao Zhao, Zhang-Nv Yang, Fang Xu, Hang-Jing Lu, Zhi-Yong Zhu, Wen Shi, Jianmin Jiang, Ping-Ping Yao, and Han-Ping Zhu. “Risk factors and preventions of breast cancer”. In: International journal of biological sciences 13.11 (2017), p. 1387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.21635
Gagan K Gupta, Amber L Collier, Dasom Lee, Richard A Hoefer, Vasilena Zheleva, Lauren L Siewertsz van Reesema, Angela M Tang-Tan, Mary L Guye, David Z Chang, Janet S Winston, et al. “Perspectives on triple-negative breast cancer: current treatment strategies, unmet needs, and potential targets for future therapies”. In: Cancers 12.9 (2020), p. 2392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092392
Małgorzata Cognominal, Krystyna Patronymic, and Agnieszka Wańkowicz. “Evolving Field of Autonomous Mobile Robotics. Technological Advances and Applications”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 2.2 (2021), pp. 189–200.
Yiran Liang, Hanwen Zhang, Xiaojin Song, and Qifeng Yang. “Metastatic heterogeneity of breast cancer: Molecular mechanism and potential therapeutic targets”. In: Seminars in cancer biology. Vol. 60. Elsevier. 2020, pp. 14–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.012
Carsten Denkert, Cornelia Liedtke, Andrew Tutt, and Gunter von Minckwitz. “Molecular alterations in triple-negative breast cancer—the road to new treatment strategies”. In: The Lancet 389.10087 (2017), pp. 2430–2442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32454-0
Marcela Esquivel-Velázquez, Pedro Ostoa-Saloma, Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola, Karen E Nava-Castro, Julieta Ivonne Castro, and Jorge Morales-Montor. “The role of cytokines in breast cancer development and progression”. In: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 35.1 (2015), pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2014.0026
Shanthini M Crusz and Frances R Balkwill. “Inflammation and cancer: advances and new agents”. In: Nature reviews Clinical oncology 12.10 (2015), pp. 584–596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.105
Sandra Demaria, Eli Pikarsky, Michael Karin, Lisa M Coussens, Yen-Ching Chen, Emad M ElOmar, Giorgio Trinchieri, Steven M Dubinett, Jenny T Mao, Eva Szabo, et al. “Cancer and inflammation: promise for biologic therapy”. In: Journal of immunotherapy 33.4 (2010), pp. 335–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CJI.0b013e3181d32e74
Theodore Elijah, James Clarence, Benjamin Anthony, and Christopher William. “The Journey and Potential of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 2.2 (2021), pp. 211–223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.63995/SRZT8056
Bedrich L Eckhardt, Prudence A Francis, Belinda S Parker, and Robin L Anderson. “Strategies for the discovery and development of therapies for metastatic breast cancer”. In: Nature reviews Drug discovery 11.6 (2012), pp. 479–497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2372
Manuel Picon-Ruiz, Cynthia Morata-Tarifa, Janeiro J Valle-Goffin, Eitan R Friedman, and Joyce M Slingerland. “Obesity and adverse breast cancer risk and outcome: Mechanistic insights and strategies for intervention”. In: CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 67.5 (2017), pp. 378–397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21405
Hamza Hussain, Khalid Al Tajir, Rashid Habib, Saiyyad Abboud, and Syed Fadel. “The Effects of Political Polarization on Financial Decision Making”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 4.1 (2023), pp. 420–431.
Sergiusz Łukasiewicz, Marcin Czeczelewski, Alicja Forma, Jacek Baj, Robert Sitarz, and Andrzej Stanisławek. “Breast cancer—epidemiology, risk factors, classification, prognostic markers, and current treatment strategies—an updated review”. In: Cancers 13.17 (2021), p. 4287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174287
Fredika M Robertson, Melissa Bondy, Wei Yang, Hideko Yamauchi, Shannon Wiggins, Samira Kamrudin, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Huong Le-Petross, Luc Bidaut, Audrey N Player, et al. “Inflammatory breast cancer: the disease, the biology, the treatment”. In: CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 60.6 (2010), pp. 351–375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20082
Sarah Afiq, Maryam Fikri, Rahman Ethan, and Amsyar Isfahann. “Acknowledging the Role of Buck Converter in DC-DC Conversion”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 3.1 (2022), pp. 287–301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.63995/YPYR7862
Caroline Bailleux, Lauriane Eberst, and Thomas Bachelot. “Treatment strategies for breast cancer brain metastases”. In: British journal of cancer 124.1 (2021), pp. 142–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01175-y
Giovanni Germano, Paola Allavena, and Alberto Mantovani. “Cytokines as a key component of cancer-related inflammation”. In: Cytokine 43.3 (2008), pp. 374–379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.014
LR Howe, K Subbaramaiah, AM Brown, and AJ Dannenberg. “Cyclooxygenase-2: a target for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.” In: Endocrine-related cancer 8.2 (2001), pp. 97–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.0.0080097
Ashley G Rivenbark, Siobhan M O’Connor, and William B Coleman. “Molecular and cellular heterogeneity in breast cancer: challenges for personalized medicine”. In: The American journal of pathology 183.4 (2013), pp. 1113–1124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.002
Chung Yip, Lokyi Seol, and Xu Zhu Hon. “A Step-by-Step Approach to Partial Differential Equations”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 3.1 (2022), pp. 302–315.
Barbara Pasculli, Raffaela Barbano, and Paola Parrella. “Epigenetics of breast cancer: Biology and clinical implication in the era of precision medicine”. In: Seminars in cancer biology. Vol. 51. Elsevier. 2018, pp. 22–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.01.007
Muhammad Akram, Mehwish Iqbal, Muhammad Daniyal, and Asmat Ullah Khan. “Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancer”. In: Biological research 50 (2017), pp. 1–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-017-0140-9
Hongyan Jia, Cristina I Truica, Bin Wang, Yanhong Wang, Xingcong Ren, Harold A Harvey, Jianxun Song, and Jin-Ming Yang. “Immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer: Existing challenges and exciting prospects”. In: Drug resistance updates 32 (2017), pp. 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2017.07.002
Aleix Prat, Estela Pineda, Barbara Adamo, Patricia Galván, Aranzazu Fernández, Lydia Gaba, Marc Díez, Margarita Viladot, Ana Arance, and Montserrat Muñoz. “Clinical implications of the intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer”. In: The Breast 24 (2015), S26–S35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2015.07.008
Si-Qi Qiu, Stijn JH Waaijer, Mieke C Zwager, Elisabeth GE de Vries, Bert van der Vegt, and Carolien P Schröder. “Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer: Innocent bystander or important player?” In: Cancer treatment reviews 70 (2018), pp. 178–189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.08.010
Aleix Prat and Charles M Perou. “Deconstructing the molecular portraits of breast cancer”. In: Molecular oncology 5.1 (2011), pp. 5–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2010.11.003
Francesco Colotta, Paola Allavena, Antonio Sica, Cecilia Garlanda, and Alberto Mantovani. “Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability”. In: Carcinogenesis 30.7 (2009), pp. 1073–1081. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp127
Guilherme Marques, Francisco Gonçalves, Marco Gomes, and Beatriz Pereira. “Observations Biomedicals in Veterinary Pathobiology”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 3.2 (2022), pp. 316–328.
Carly Bess Williams, Elizabeth S Yeh, and Adam C Soloff. “Tumor-associated macrophages: unwitting accomplices in breast cancer malignancy”. In: NPJ breast cancer 2 (2016), p. 15025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/npjbcancer.2015.25
Giampaolo Bianchini, Carmine De Angelis, Luca Licata, and Luca Gianni. “Treatment landscape of triple-negative breast cancer—expanded options, evolving needs”. In: Nature reviews Clinical oncology 19.2 (2022), pp. 91–113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-021-00565-2
Neil M Iyengar, Ayca Gucalp, Andrew J Dannenberg, and Clifford A Hudis. “Obesity and cancer mechanisms: tumor microenvironment and inflammation”. In: Journal of clinical oncology 34.35 (2016), pp. 4270–4276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.67.4283
Patrick G Morris, Clifford A Hudis, Dilip Giri, Monica Morrow, Domenick J Falcone, Xi Kathy Zhou, Baoheng Du, Edi Brogi, Carolyn B Crawford, Levy Kopelovich, et al. “Inflammation and increased aromatase expression occur in the breast tissue of obese women with breast cancer”. In: Cancer prevention research 4.7 (2011), pp. 1021–1029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0110
Fernanda Hernández, Leonardo Sánchez, Gabriela González, and Andrés Ramírez. “Revolutionizing CMOS VLSI with Innovative Memory Design Techniques”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 3.2 (2022), pp. 366–379.
Kornelia Polyak et al. “Breast cancer: origins and evolution”. In: The Journal of clinical investigation 117.11 (2007), pp. 3155–3163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI33295
Savas D Soysal, Alexandar Tzankov, and Simone E Muenst. “Role of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer”. In: Pathobiology 82.3-4 (2015), pp. 142–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000430499
Belinda S Parker, Jai Rautela, and Paul J Hertzog. “Antitumour actions of interferons: implications for cancer therapy”. In: Nature Reviews Cancer 16.3 (2016), pp. 131–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.14
Jun Fang, Takahiro Seki, and Hiroshi Maeda. “Therapeutic strategies by modulating oxygen stress in cancer and inflammation”. In: Advanced drug delivery reviews 61.4 (2009), pp. 290–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.02.005
Giampaolo Bianchini, Justin M Balko, Ingrid A Mayer, Melinda E Sanders, and Luca Gianni. “Triple-negative breast cancer: challenges and opportunities of a heterogeneous disease”. In: Nature reviews Clinical oncology 13.11 (2016), pp. 674–690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.66
Dagmar Hauner and Hans Hauner. “Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer: is there a link?” In: Breast care 9.4 (2014), pp. 277–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000365951
Leisha A Emens. “Breast cancer immunotherapy: facts and hopes”. In: Clinical cancer research 24.3 (2018), pp. 511–520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-3001
Nima Mostafa, Arman Mohsen, Shahrad Mardin, and Ameen Elyas. “Deciphering the Mysteries: Seasonal Influenza and the Role of Flu Vaccines in Public Health”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 4.1 (2023), pp. 380–392.
Zachary C Hartman, Graham M Poage, Petra Den Hollander, Anna Tsimelzon, Jamal Hill, Nattapon Panupinthu, Yun Zhang, Abhijit Mazumdar, Susan G Hilsenbeck, Gordon B Mills, et al. “Growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells relies upon coordinate autocrine expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8”. In: Cancer research 73.11 (2013), pp. 3470–3480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4524-T
Simone Reuter, Subash C Gupta, Madan M Chaturvedi, and Bharat B Aggarwal. “Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked?” In: Free radical biology and medicine 49.11 (2010), pp. 1603–1616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006
Hasan Korkaya, Suling Liu, Max S Wicha, et al. “Breast cancer stem cells, cytokine networks, and the tumor microenvironment”. In: The Journal of clinical investigation 121.10 (2011), pp. 3804–3809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI57099
Shira Rubin, Daniel Mizrachi, Noam Friedman, Hila Edri, and Tamar Golan. “The World of Advanced Thin Films: Design, Fabrication, and Applications”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 4.1 (2023), pp. 393–406.
Shuet Theng Lee, Zhimei Li, Zhenlong Wu, Meiyee Aau, Peiyong Guan, RK Murthy Karuturi, Yih Cherng Liou, and Qiang Yu. “Context-specific regulation of NF-κB target gene expression by EZH2 in breast cancers”. In: Molecular cell 43.5 (2011), pp. 798–810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08.011
Balazs I Bodai and Phillip Tuso. “Breast cancer survivorship: a comprehensive review of longterm medical issues and lifestyle recommendations”. In: The Permanente Journal 19.2 (2015), p. 48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/14-241
Julie R Gralow, Harold J Burstein, William Wood, Gabriel N Hortobagyi, Luca Gianni, Gunter Von Minckwitz, Aman U Buzdar, Ian E Smith, William F Symmans, Baljit Singh, et al. “Preoperative therapy in invasive breast cancer: pathologic assessment and systemic therapy issues in operable disease”. In: Journal of Clinical Oncology 26.5 (2008), pp. 814–819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.15.3510
Xiaofeng Dai, Liangjian Xiang, Ting Li, and Zhonghu Bai. “Cancer hallmarks, biomarkers and breast cancer molecular subtypes”. In: Journal of cancer 7.10 (2016), p. 1281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.13141
Joseph A DiDonato, Frank Mercurio, and Michael Karin. “NF-κB and the link between inflammation and cancer”. In: Immunological reviews 246.1 (2012), pp. 379–400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01099.x
Sean Tan, Wei Lee, Chloe Wong, and Yi Jia Chua. “Exploring the Potential and Advancements of Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Outcomes and Applications”. In: Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR) 4.1 (2023), pp. 407–419.
Irene Acerbi, L Cassereau, I Dean, Q Shi, A Au, C Park, YY Chen, J Liphardt, ES Hwang, and VM Weaver. “Human breast cancer invasion and aggression correlates with ECM stiffening and immune cell infiltration”. In: Integrative Biology 7.10 (2015), pp. 1120–1134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ib00040h
Rupen Shah, Kelly Rosso, and S David Nathanson. “Pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer”. In: World journal of clinical oncology 5.3 (2014), p. 283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.283
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© The Author(s). Published by Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal (FMR), Netherlands.
This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.